Fig. 1

Schematic of M1 macrophage metabolism via glycolysis. Glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate through the PPP pathway, driving an increase in glycolysis. Maintenance of glycolytic metabolic reprogramming in M1 macrophages relies on the activation of several key transcription factors such as HIF-1𝛼, which facilitates rapid glucose uptake and supports the conversion of pyruvate from the TCA cycle to lactate. HIF-1𝛼 is stabilized by the accumulation of succinate from a break that occurs in the TCA cycle at succinate dehydrogenase. This leads to a release of ROS, leading to the activation of HIF-1𝛼. Figure was created with BioRender