Table 1 Clinicopathological characteristics of the study population according to gender

Median age (range)

52.0 (43.0–60.8)

50.0 (42.0–54.0)

66.0 (60.0–68.0)

< 0.001

Median tumor size (cm) (range)

2.0 (1.4–2.9)

2.0 (1.4–2.8)

2.1 (1.4–3.6)

0.275

Median BMI (kg/m²) (range)

24.8 (23.5–27.7)

26.7 (24.2–28.6)

23.0 (21.9–24.2)

< 0.001

Median TAT (mm²) (range)

29,205 (24,937–37,647)

31,005 (26,140–39,174)

26,400 (20,232–27,316)

< 0.001

Median SAT (mm²) (range)

13,268 (10,127–17,695)

13,422 (10,127–18,016)

13,268 (11,218–17,042)

0.609

Median VAT (mm²) (range)

15,982 (11,302–19,879)

18,244 (14,495–20,584)

10,176 (4626–14,048)

< 0.001

Median VAT% (range)

51.4 (42.9–62.5)

55.0 (48.5–64.4)

40.7 (31.8–51.4)

< 0.001

No. comorbid conditions, n (%)

Hypertension

72 (36.0%)

46 (30.1%)

26 (55.3%)

0.002

Hypercholesterolemia

16 (8.0%)

8 (5.2%)

8 (17.0%)

0.026

Diabetes

20 (10.0%)

11 (7.2%)

9 (19.1%)

0.025

No. smoking status, n (%)

Never

75 (37.5%)

28 (18.3%)

47 (100.0%)

< 0.001

Former

70 (35.0%)

70 (45.8%)

0 (0.0%)

Current

55 (27.5%)

55 (35.9%)

0 (0.0%)

No. alcohol status, n (%)

Never

69 (34.5%)

30 (19.6%)

39 (83.0%)

< 0.001

Former

40 (20.0%)

40 (26.1%)

0 (0.0%)

Current

91 (45.5%)

83 (54.2%)

8 (17.0%)

No. ISUP grade, n (%)

Low-grade (1–2)

116 (58.0%)

105 (68.6%)

11 (23.4%)

< 0.001

High-grade (3–4)

84 (42.0%)

48 (31.4%)

36 (76.6%)