Fig. 1

EMT is induced upon TNFα and TGFβ treatments. Panc-1 cells were cultured in the presence of 40 ng/ml TNFα (α) or 10 ng/ml TGFβ (β) or both (+) for 72 h. a Western blot detection of IkB, phospho-Smad2/3, total-Smad2/3, and Snail at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 3, 24, 48, and 72 h time points. β-actin was used as a loading control. b Cell morphology under bright-field microscopy at the end of incubation. c Western blot detection of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin, and Snail. β-actin was used as a loading control. d, e Measurements of SNAI1 and SNAI2 mRNA levels by qPCR. β-actin was used as a housekeeper. f Cells were seeded onto six-well plates and allowed to grow to 50 % confluence in the presence of added factors for 2 days. The monolayer was wounded with a plastic tip and monitored under bright-field microscope for 48 h with continued treatments with images taken at 0, 24, and 48 h. Cell migration was quantified by assessing percentage wound closure using the ImageJ software. Results are shown as mean ± SEM with n = 3. *p<0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001