Fig. 2

Fates of major biomass precursors and cofactor equivalents consumed in synthesis of macromolecules. Fates of biomass precursors (3-phosphoglycerate and oxaloacetate), nitrogen/amine groups, and cofactors (NAD⁺, NADPH, and ATP) are classified by their requirements for major classes of macromolecules (proteins, nucleotides, lipids, and polysaccharides). Demands for each macromolecule include both costs of polymerization and de novo synthesis of monomers