Fig. 1

RNA sequencing and isotope tracers were used to study metabolic pathways. A Principal component analysis (PCA) of bulk RNA-seq in YUMM1.7 and YUMMER1.7 cell lines. B Volcano plot of differentially expressed gene comparing YUMMER1.7 and YUMM1.7 cell bulk RNA-seq, Log₂(fold change)>2, P<0.01 define the dotted line cutoffs. C Schematic depicting mitochondrial metabolism. Metabolites traced in this study are shown in yellow boxes and anaplerotic substrates in gray text. Figures in panels C–F were created with Biorender.com. D–F Tracer-labeling scheme reflecting the first turn of the TCA cycle when [U-¹³C₆] glucose, [U-¹³C₁₆] palmitate, and [U-¹³C₅] glutamine is used as a tracer, respectively