Fig. 3

Metabolomics study to determine effects of DRB18 in A549 cells. A549 cells were treated with control (DMSO) or 10 μM DRB18 for 48 h and polar metabolites were extracted and analyzed by performing LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry. Peak areas integrated using Progenesis QI (Agilent Corporation) were normalized. XCMS was used for metabolite identification. MSEA and PLS-DA analysis was performed using utilizing Metaboanalyst 4.0. Statistical analysis was performed using Graphpad 8 software. All values are relative to controls. Values represented are mean ± SEM. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, and ***P ≤ 0.001. a PLS-DA analysis of metabolites in comparison between control and DRB18. b Metabolite set enrichment analysis for carbon-based metabolites in A549 cells treated with or without DRB18. c DRB18 reduced metabolites in glycolysis and TCA cycle, which are the primary source of ATP production. d DRB18 altered GSH/GSSG ratio and reduced NADPH levels which are related to increased redox imbalance and oxidative stress. e DRB18 treatment altered purine and pyrimidine metabolism. f DRB18 altered abundances of metabolites responsible in hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) which related to the reduction in protein glycosylation