Fig. 2

Forest plots illustrate standardized mean differences (SDM) relative to the control cohort, along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals, calculated using box-cox transformed metabolite values. Significant differences between the control cohort and both LS and CRC cohorts are evaluated using ANCOVA or GLiM analysis, incorporating covariates age, sex, and BMI; a colored dot indicates corrected p value < 0.05 of statistical test compared to control cohort mean value, and a * indicates corrected p value < 0.05 in statistical test between LS and CRC cohort means. Test and values for all 65 key metabolites comparisons are shown in Supplementary Table S2